Since the new
facebook is completely inferior in every way to the old
facebook (at least this is what a precursory glance suggested to me), I have resorted to
blogspot to chronicle my amazing reading journey via quotes, quips, and antics. In reality, I only used the quotes section of
facebook so I could remember interesting things I've read, but since I'm actually making a post here ... I guess it is different.
Today's entry is from 'Course in General Linguistics' by
Ferdinand de Saussure.
The two important things that come out of this book are the distinction between a diachronic study of a system and a
synchronic study of a system. The first is studying a system based on its changes through time (in this case '
langue,' the system of language use as opposed to speech, or 'parole' as Saussure defines it); the second is studying a system apart from time, studying it as it exists at any moment as a whole, with no regard for, in this instance at least, changes in word meaning and pronunciation.
The second and most important concept that Saussure introduced is that of the arbitrary nature of linguistic
signs (spoken and written words (sound-images)), the concept of
signifier and signified. The basic idea is that a word, spoken or written, like tree, the signifier, recalls in the mind the concepts you hold of
treedom, the signified. Without going into that in further detail, I'll merely point out that the main point is that the relationship between our speech and our written language and their referents in the 'real' world are completely arbitrary. The study of this phenomena, well ... actually the phenomena of all 'signs,' Saussure calls '
semiology.' This idea would become important in the study of linguistics, and for future theorists like Roland Barthes in Mythologies and Jacques Derrida in On
Grammatology, for instance. It would also be a basis for Structuralism and is an early precursor to Postmodern thought.
Now onto the short, practically insignificant, quote:
'People often affirm that nothing is more important than understanding the genesis of a particular state; this is true in a certain sense: the forces that have shaped the state illuminate its true nature, and knowing them protects us against certain illusions' (p. 90).
I find this quote to be far reaching, especially when we think of not 'the state' but 'The State.'
Anyways ...
I also just finished 'The Western Lands' by
William S. Burroughs. It was the last in a trilogy that started with 'Cities of the Red Night.' The second novel in the series was 'The Place of Dead Roads' (probably my favorite). I've become quite the fan of Burroughs, which makes sense since he influenced Pynchon, Dick, Kurt Cobain, etc; since he coined the phrase 'Heavy Metal;' since the sound of his
voice is hypnotizing; and on and on and on ...
'The Western Lands' did not disappoint, though I felt that it was perhaps the weakest book in the trilogy. It certainly had its moments, however. One of my problems was that it was fairly hard to follow, despite many people on-line saying that is one of his easier-to-follow novels. Their are not as many cut-ups for instance. The novel is a blending of Egyptian mythology, as Burroughs understands it, interspersed with biographical information and the narrative of a character traveling through the Lands of the Dead toward the Western Lands. That was a fairly shitty synopsis, but it suffices.
What I especially like about Burroughs is the way in which he strips away any notion of humanness in his novels ... it is as though he were trying to write himself out of everything that could be considered human, into 'SPACE' as he puts it. Their were points in 'Cities of the Red Night' and 'The Western Lands' where I really thought that I was seeing past all cultural, human, sexual artifice into something that lied, so to speak, beyond it all ... if only briefly. Pynchon tries this, but he is never quite as successful. I didn't get this feeling nearly as strongly when I read 'Naked Lunch' or 'Queer,' which are the other two novels of his that I have read. I think I'm going to read the Nova trilogy next.
I also read 'The Postmodern Condition: a Report on Knowledge' by
Jean-Francois Lyotard, but I am not about to start writing about that too. Maybe a quote or two ...
'This is a period of slackening -- I refer to the color of the times' (p. 71).
'Let us wage a war on totality; let us be witnesses to the unpresentable' (p. 82).
Enough!